FGM consists of several distinct procedures. Their severity is often viewed as dependent on how much genital tissue is cut away. The World Health Organisation divides the procedure into four major types although there is some debate as to whether all common forms of FGM fit into these four categories, as well as issues with the reliability of reported data.
In the past several decades, there have been many concerted efforts by the World Health Organisation to end the practice of FGM. The United Nations has also declared February 6 as "International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation".
Among practicing cultures, FGM is most commonly performed between the ages of four and eight, but can take place at any age from infancy to adolescence. Prohibition has led to FGM going underground, at times with people who have had no medical training performing the cutting without anaesthetic, sterilisation, or the use of proper medical instruments. The procedure can lead to death through shock from excessive bleeding. The failure to use sterile medical instruments may lead to infections.
As a result of immigration, the practice has also spread to Europe, Australia and the United States. Some tradition-minded families have their daughters undergo FGM whilst on holiday in their home countries. As Western governments become more aware of FGM, legislation has come into effect in many countries to make the practice of FGM a criminal offense. In 2006, Khalid Adem became the first man in the United States to be prosecuted for circumcising his daughter.
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